Landlordism and landlord–tenant relations in Kisumu and Kitale’s low-income settlements. Learning planning from the south: ideas from the new urban frontiers. These informal settlements are characterised by poverty, tenure insecurity, informal housing, a lack of basic services and overcrowding (Davis 2006; Nuissl and Heinrichs 2013; UN-Habitat 2003, 2014, p. 31). (2016). (2017). Patel, B., Joshi, R., Ballaney, S., & Nohn, M. (2011). (35) Critics, however, argue that transit camps are rarely simply short-term measures that result in decent housing. In applying the cut-off, 56% of all respondents were deprived in the individual dimension, 63% were deprived at the housing dimension, 33% deprived at the compound dimension and 16.6% deprived in the neighbourhood dimension. In South Africa, the colloquial name for low-cost housing – RDP housing – is derived from the Reconstruction and Development Programme, an interventionist plan charted by civil society activists and trade unionists on the eve of democratic elections in 1994. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 23(3), 191–204. Yet we sustain it by using household micro data that describe household and employment characteristics in the post-apartheid period, and a qualitative case study that underlines the place-based nature of modern urban livelihoods. In Infrastructure and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. By continuing to browse Most of the main water points were not reliable (73%) in the sense that there were times when there was no flowing water in the taps. As such, both frameworks did not include other indicators such as higher education, energy sources, health insurance, disability, nutrition, child mortality and social/economic networks. Those settlements without rights to the land are generally called squatter camps. 2015; Amoako and Frimpong Boamah 2016) and South Africa (Govender et al. It is especially important to differentiate informal settlements from formal townships. This needs to be done by the county officials for those policies that are non-existent. Local Environment, 21, 1–16. (34) It is difficult therefore to escape the view that the technical reasons given for relocation were in part motivated by the overriding desire to relocate people from informal settlements to formal structures. A combination of these two approaches is significant as such an approach leads to an understanding of the various forms of deprivation in informal settlements. These results are corroborated by Smith (2017) whose study also highlights that residents of Nyalenda spent a higher portion of their household income on rent. Login failed. PRETORIA, August 21, 2014 – Most countries are made up of two distinct geographic areas, one rural, one urban. Conclusions: The Difference that Place Makes, Here to work: the socioeconomic characteristics of informal dwellers in post-apartheid South Africa, http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid=204713&sn=Detail&pid=71654, Huchzemeyer, M and A Karam (editors) (2006), Bachmann, M, L London and P Barron (1996), Connolly, C, M Colvin, O Shishana and D Stoker (2004), Richardson, R, B O’Leary and K Mutsonziwa (2006), http://www.equinox.co.za/article_2327.html, http://www.abahlali.org/taxonomy/term/962, www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid=204713&sn=Detail&pid=71654. The second is symbolized in KwaZulu-Natal by the 2007 KwaZulu-Natal Elimination and Prevention of Re-emergence of Slums Act, whose legality Abahlali baseMjondolo successfully challenged in the constitutional court in 2009. 15.The only difference across the surveys is that the October Household Survey for 1995 includes a smaller set of response options, although the main categories are identical. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-009-9063-z. What has emerged from the results is that even with tenure security, there is still a lack of basic services. Results indicated that 108 respondents were deprived in at least two dimensions; thus, the incidence of multi-dimensional deprivation was 0.6 (60%). PubMed Google Scholar. In South Africa, Narsai et al. These settlements, however, provide shelter to a large portion of a city’s population; for instance in Africa, approximately 62–70% of the urban population lives in informal settlements (Turok 2014; UN-Habitat 2013, p. 151; Zhang 2016). In Stata, descriptive statistics were used to summarise continuous variables, while chi-square tests were used to assess relationships/associations among categorical variables. Watson, V. (2014). How the two parties resolve these differences depends on the relationship they have. Address: King George V Avenue, Durban 4001, South Africa; e-mail: [email protected]. (6) Case study, or more regionally specific research also “points” to high rates of unemployment among those living in informal settlement areas, together with high levels of food insecurity and high rates of poverty. Other authors have also defined and measured poverty using different approaches. The different facets of poverty in the settlements and avenues through which they can be opportunities for improvement can also be examined further. An upgrading of housing may result in slightly higher rent, hence requiring the involvement of financing mechanisms to support landlords who are financially challenged. ), The Routledge handbook on cities of the global south (pp. Backyard shacks, informality and the urban housing crisis in South Africa: stopgap or prototype solution? As is the case with Johannesburg, described by Crankshaw,(11) sharp spatial polarization by class is evident at the citywide scale, with areas in Durban’s north, such as Umhlanga, seeing a rapid growth in well-paying service industries and high-income neighbourhoods. informal dwellers are more likely than formal dwellers to be in casual or temporary employment. Habitat International, 43, 98–107. Despite differences, however, almost everyone discussing housing issues – including shack dwellers themselves who refuse to be relocated – agrees on the poor social conditions that exist in informal settlements. Simiyu, S., Cairncross, S. & Swilling, M. Understanding Living Conditions and Deprivation in Informal Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya. 10.Platzky, L (1995), The Development Impact of South Africa’s Industrial Decentralization Policies: An Unforeseen Legacy, PhD thesis, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague. Some society journals require you to create a personal profile, then activate your society account, You are adding the following journals to your email alerts, Did you struggle to get access to this article? This study reveals three levels of improvement in Kisumu’s informal settlements; first at the neighbourhood level within the settlements through which resources can flow in and out of the settlements, secondly at the compound level through the provision of basic services and finally at the household level through proper management of basic services and infrastructure. These results further strengthen the premise that landlords play a crucial role in improving living conditions in informal settlements. Consequently, there are resident landlords who live within their premises as well as absentee landlords who do not live within their premises. A. 7.Wilkins, N and J Hofmeyr (1994), “Socioeconomic aspects of informal settlements”, in D Hindson and J McCarthy (editors), Here to Stay. Likewise, transit camps – the controversial “temporary” places to where shack dwellers are relocated – are justified by the state as necessary steps toward the ultimate goal of a modern house. Over half (57%) of the housing units did not have an electricity connection; and the average monthly rent was KES 1211. The article Understanding Living Conditions and Deprivation in Informal Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya, written by Sheillah Simiyu, Sandy Cairncross and Mark Swilling, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink). The results are also based on identified indicators which may or may not paint the total picture. Seemingly unimportant issues can undermine and delay t… This research examines the planning of the Besters Camp informal settlement in-situ upgrading project in Durban, South Africa. Gulyani, S., Bassett, E. M., & Talukdar, D. (2014). Habitat International, 55, 1–9. As shown in Table 2, the total number of households in South Africa increased significantly between 1995 and 2006, by almost four million, a 42 per cent increase. These household and housing conditions are summarised in Table 3. Table 2 Households in South Africa by dwelling type, 1995–2006. View or download all the content the society has access to. Over the years, Kisumu has experienced a growth in its population, with a resultant growth of informal settlements that are situated close to the city centre. Development Southern Africa, 30(3), 367–385. (32), King’s Rest settlement was established in 2001 and grew as residents moved there from rural areas, hostels, other shack settlements and townships (where in 2009 the monthly rent for an informal dwelling adjacent to a family home could be R400). This large increase in the number of households coincided with a fall in household size. 2014; Sida 2017). 569–585). Such kind of upgrading is favoured as residents maintain their social and economic networks (Andersen 2014; Gilbert 2014; Patel et al. (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.05.001. 2015; Simiyu et al. Satterthwaite, D., & Mitlin, D. (2014). The transit camp is also located next to a poorer (former Indian) residential area and away from a railway station. Kenya’s Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy (Republic of Kenya 2016) mandates landlords, including those in informal settlements, to provide sanitation facilities within their premises. Similarities still exist: even in the apartheid era of industrial growth, much work was informal and various flexible strategies for housing existed. They then transported the scrap by train from King’s Rest station to Jacob’s station (which costs R3.50) and pushed it on a shopping cart to a scrap metal dealer. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5842.2006.00797.x/abstract. Across all three types of dwelling, the share of agricultural employment has declined significantly, while construction employment has increased. The case of Maxaquene A, Maputo, Mozambique.
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