So a thorough understanding of the options is critical to selecting the correct topology, although the equipment and/or the available fiber plant assets will ultimately dictate the topology decision. What is mobile backhaul? At the same time, the way users access data has shifted significantly. So the capacity, reliability, and availability of MBH networks must improve as wireless access speeds to video-centric user content increases. However, over the past 10 years, NLOS (Non-Line of Sight) has become a viable solution that should prove particularly advantageous with a large number of clusters of small cells that MNOs are expected to deploy over the next few years. In its simplest form, backhaul connects the mobile network to the wired network by backhauling traffic from geographically dispersed cell sites to Mobile Switching Telephone Offices (MTSOs). The most common method of wireless backhaul involves microwave systems although satellites can also be used. Mobile backhaul connections link cellular base-stations back to the operator’s core network, usually via multiple tiers of aggregation (such as local, metro and regional hubs) and transport infrastructure. When looking at network infrastructures, it is best to start with a GSM network as this builds the picture and shows how the backhaul elements have developed over the years. In some markets (e.g. Fibre based backhaul was responsible for 25.6% of macrocell links in 2017, rising to 39.6% by 2025. Furthermore, the growth of LTE traffic resulted in MNOs being increasingly reliant on small cell site deployments. As people flock to increasingly powerful smartphones, faster mobile networks have come online to accommodate all that new traffic. Slicing will also impact on the backhaul network and will also facilitate sharing of infrastructure to optimise cost (for more information on infrastructure sharing, see here). On the other hand, it may be difficult to always have an unobstructed path in certain scenarios (e.g. In terms of different RAN technologies, LTE subscriptions were at 2.86 billion in 2017 (35.2% of the overall total) and will be at 4.24 billion (43.3% of the overall total) by 2025 whilst 5G subscriptions will be around 850 million by 2025. DSL based backhaul was used for 3.6% of macrocell backhaul in 2017 and this share is expected to decline over the next few years. A backhaul network is planned according to a number of factors including the required transfer rate, known as bandwidth, and the time it takes for data to go from one point to another, known as latency. What is Mobile Backhaul? In the case of mobile networks, this is a common way to connect a radio access network (RAN) tail site (e.g. rooftops, street poles etc.). MPLS backhauling in LTE-A : LTE-Advanced introduces new key features to mitigate interferences, maximize radio performances and boost user capacity. One thing is clear: MBH networks are now critical to the health of the overall mobile network infrastructure. For all that, DSL is still an option for mobile backhaul for indoor small cells, in-building HetNets, and public venue small cell networks. In terms of market share and trends, wireless backhaul (microwave) in the traditional (7-40GHz) range was responsible for nearly 57% of macrocell backhaul links in 2017, diminishing to 45% of macro-cell links by 2025. Even though fibre has significant inherent bandwidth carrying capability, several additional techniques can be used to offset any bandwidth constraints and essentially rendering the fibre assets future-proof. Furthermore, IoT devices (LTE-M and NB-IOT) will grow from 376 million to 4.2 billion in the 2017-25 timeframe. There are a number of technical innovations occurring on LTE, which is known as LTE-Advanced Pro or 4.5G which enable enhancements such as improved peak bandwidth and greater energy efficiency for IoT connections. This bandwidth can be boosted by using DSL over the copper pair as well as so-called copper-bonding (i.e. However, LEO satellites are not geostationary and thus there is sometimes a need to route traffic via multiple satellites. This architecture allows easy installation and very low complexity at the cell site but comes at a higher fronthaul cost as baseband signals would need to be transferred. Please let us know if you encounter accessibility barriers on Ciena websites by contacting webchanges@ciena.com and we will get back to you in 2-5 business days. Last Modified Date: February 15, 2021 In a telecommunications system, a backhaul is the portion that connects the backbone and the edge networks. Backhaul technology trend and forecast (Source: ABI Research). The RAN is an increasingly critical component of the global network infrastructure and is the primary reason Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) and wholesale operators are intensely focused on the MBH network as a key element of their short- to long-term business strategies. Furthermore, innovations to reduce demand on mobile backhaul sometimes involve architectural changes in the antenna (also referred to as radio unit in 4G) and the controller (also referred to as digital unit in 4G). Cloud RAN is where some layers of radio access network are centralized to an edge site rather than at the cell site, which allows some (or all) of the processing capabilities to be focused at the edge site reducing the complexities at the cell site. Mobile Backhaul Application Overview, IP/MPLS-based Mobile Backhaul Historically, most wireless backhaul links have been LOS (Line of Sight) due to the high frequencies being used, as well as the narrow beam widths used. In this primer we’ll explain mobile backhaul vs mobile fronthaul and how they address the growing challenge of helping transport today’s massive mobile traffic loads. Even within individual architectures, there are a variety of technological approaches available. MEC, while incurring a cost to implement core functions at the edge, can provide opportunities to optimise backhaul demand via caching and/or local breakout. #CienaLife: A place where you can belong. Understanding Mobile Wireless Backhaul 10 is no dependency on or delay from future wireless technologies (4G), as there is with cell site backhaul. LOS backhaul has the advantage of using a highly directed beam with little fading or multi-path dispersion and enables efficient use of spectrum as multiple transceivers can be located within a few feet of each other and use the same frequency to transmit different data streams. a disaster area or in place of a microwave link whilst waiting for licence approval). Deployment scenarios are complex and diverse and mobile operators will need a mixture of wired and wireless solutions to provide the optimum solution for a given deployment scenario. it now costs circa $70K/km whereas 5 years ago it cost circa $100K/km). Whilst mobile operators will be able to unlock new business opportunities with 5G, the costs need to be optimised for the operators to sustainably reap the benefits of 5G. 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In the latter case, this can be impacted by “pole tilt” where the alignment is spoiled by movement caused by the wind and a particular concern for small cells. LEO satellites are also relatively immature technology. In a hierarchical telecommunications network, the backhaul portion of the network comprises the intermediate links between the core network, or backbone network, and the small subnetworks at the edge of the network. in a metropolitan hot spot), the cost of backhaul can increase quickly if a number of links are daisy chained together. In the era of 5G, where a network will be densified and more stringent requirement will be imposed, mobile backhaul will become even more important. 5G is the next generation cellular networks which is expected to quench the ever-ending thirst of data rates and interconnect billions of smart devices to support not only human centric traffic, but also machine centric traffic. The main limitations of fibre are the cost and logistics of deploying fibre (ducts etc. Mobile networks are ubiquitous and support a mix of voice, video, text and data traffic originating from and terminating to mobile devices. Wireless backhaul is a means for connecting broadband sites to the core network in a wireless manner. MBH is what happens behind the scenes to move data from the cell sites to data centers and other points along the way. Copper-based backhaul was the primary backhaul technology for 2G/3G. The term can also refer to the transmission of network data over an alternative wireless route when the normal route is unavailable or overtaxed. leasing or duct reuse) can lead to better economics (for more information on infrastructure sharing, see here). In step with that expansion, bandwidth consumption by smartphone-equipped mobile users will continue to skyrocket in the years ahead due to high-bandwidth, video-centric content consumption. trees, buildings in the way) and the transceiver pair need precise alignment. The caveat with local breakout is that the transport network to connect the edge to the internet needs to be in place and therefore won’t optimise cost in certain scenarios. Mobile Backhaul. 5G Network Slicing. Given the limitations governed by laws of physics, the mobile backhaul will add much more pressure on mobile operators’ cost. Enabled by advanced coherent optical technology design targeting small, pluggable form factor modules such as QSFP-DD and OSFP, 400ZR supports high capacity data transport, matched to 400GE switch port market introduction. Maximizing LTE Benefits Using Carrier Ethernet Backhaul, Carrier Ethernet for LTE Mobile Backhaul Guidebook, Subscribe to get more articles on this topic. The advent of NR offers a leap in bandwidth speeds in comparison to 4G via the utilisation of higher frequency spectrum. These nodes can be backhaul endpoints or relays between those endpoints and the donor. These growth projections stem from advances in ground segment satellite technology and lower-cost access networks. Modern systems can handle up to 160 signals, each with a bandwidth of 10 Gbps for a total theoretical capacity of 1.6 Tbps per fibre. I understand I can unsubscribe at any time. Mobile Backhaul: An Overview 1. As shown in the figure below, the economics of fibre depends on how much civil engineering work is required (i.e. Aimed predominantly at short-reach, single-span fiber optic links for Data Center Interconnect (DCI), 400ZR is an interoperable networking Implementation Agreement (IA) released by the OIF in March 2020 . Until recently, in the majority of the cases, backhauls consist of one or two T1 line(s) (a synchronous 1.544 Mbps data pipe) or even a T3 data circuit (the equivalent of 28 T1 lines with a speed of 44.736 Mbps) as the connection to the internet. 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Small cells will be even more essential for 5G. The traffic generated by LTE has accelerated the demand for Fiber to the Tower (FTTT) and has required Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) to upgrade many aspects of their backhaul networks to fibre-based Carrier Ethernet.
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